The negative electrode of a lithium-ion battery is a carbon material, such as graphite. The positive electrode is a transition metal oxide containing lithium, such as LiMn2O4. The electrolyte is an organic solution containing lithium salt. Usually, lithium-ion batteries do not contain metallic lithium.

Lithium-ion batteries are mainly composed of negative electrode materials, electrolytes, and positive electrode materials. The chemical activity of graphite, the negative electrode material, is close to that of metallic lithium when it is charged. At high temperatures, the SEI film on the surface decomposes, and the lithium ions embedded in the graphite and the electrolyte react with each other.

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As a core component of digital products and electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries in these products usually consist of multiple cells. During use, the internal core temperature of the battery cell increases.